Kieran’s Our City, Our Town Article,

Cork Independent, 30 May 2013

Technical Memories (Part 56) – Air Raids and Housing

Following on from last week, the city’s preparations for World War II make interesting reading in the Cork Examiner. At a meeting of Cork Corporation on Tuesday evening, 24 October 1939, a report by City Manager, Philip Monahan, was presented to the councillors on possible air raid precautions. These carried an estimated cost of £107,490.

A proposed scheme of precautions divided the city naturally into four sections-(1) medical, (2) engineering, (3) fire prevention and (4) civilian training. Medical precautions involved the securing of additional hospital accommodation and the establishment of first-aid posts and first aid depots. The former were to be for the treatment of casualties and the latter for the housing of first-aid services, such as ambulances and first-aid parties. Engineering precautions involved the establishment of posts for the repair of damaged roads and the creation of posts to decontaminate gas-infested areas. Fire prevention entailed the establishment of additional fire brigade stations and the recruitment of auxiliary firemen. Civilian training involved the establishment of an air warden and messenger service. Air wardens were to patrol small districts under district and area wardens. Their duties were to assist residents in their districts in all air-raid precaution work, such as darkening windows and fitting gas marks.

In the report it was proposed that medical precautions should be under the Corporation’s Medical Officer of Health, engineering precautions under the City Engineer, fire precautions under the Chief Officer of the Fire Brigade and civilian training under the Housing Superintendent, and all being responsible to the City Manager. The Minister of Defence had divided the city into three areas- one south of the North Channel of the Lee, the remainder of the city being divided into two areas by a line running through St Patrick’s Bridge – areas to the north west and north east of St Patrick’s Hill respectively. In each of these areas a depot for each of the four branches of air-raid precaution work was proposed. For the north-west area the depots were to be on MacCurtain Street and between Dillon’s Cross and St Luke’s, while for the South side, the Corporation Yard, Anglesea Street, and the Municipal Baths, Eglingon Street, were to be used.

The different Corporation officers gave an estimate of the cost of their proposals, in total £107,490. The Minister of Defence accepted responsibility for the provision of fire fighting equipment over and above the normal requirements of the city and to pay seven-tenths of cost of other approved expenditure on air-raid precautions. No specific instructions were received as to the construction of air-raid shelters. The estimate included provision of air-raid shelters for 30,000 households in different parts of the city and cost was based on the assumption that steel and timber was not readily available.

The observations by the councillors were multiple but zoned in on the point that the Corporation should not be charged at the full price for the lighting by the ESB as the lighting would be turned off due to curfews. The entire scheme was referred internally again to committees. I’m uncertain as to how much of the above scheme was adopted as I have not managed to trace the outcomes in the media of the time.

There was also an observation by one councillor that if the Corporation were going to spend over £100,000 for putting people safely underground, they should get money as well to house people safely over ground. Corporation housing construction continued apace in the late 1930s with vast slum clearance projects and new Corporation housing schemes being developed in Spangle Hill and Greenmount. Local Studies in the City Library have a great set of aerial photos of the city from 1945 which show the layout of the city and also newly built housing in its suburbs. In one, one can see the Crawford Municipal Technical Institute and just to the north, the Corporation housing scheme of Greenmount.

In the Cork Examiner on 28 October 1937, plans were published for a social housing scheme in Greenmount comprising two hundred and seventy houses occupying thirteen acres of land situated between Green Street, Barrack Street, Tower Street and Friar’s Walk. The area was in the ownership of the Presentation Brothers Order. The Brothers afforded the Corporation the opportunity to acquire the land. Pre to development the land was used as pasture, though there were some 30 farm buildings and old cottages on parts of it. They were cleared as part of the scheme. The new houses were to be of the usual type of Corporation dwelling, complete with bathroom and hot and cold water, and in addition a large size garden front and rear. In addition to two main thoroughfares, there was to be eight cul-de-sac entrances twelve feet wide to the different blocks of houses, ending in a circular turning which was to enable motor cars, horse-drawn carts and other vehicles to turn. The scheme represented the first big scheme, similar to the Gurranabraher and Spangle Hill development, undertaken on the southern side of the city by the Corporation, and was to allow them to proceed with necessary slum clearance nearby.

To be continued…

Caption:

693a. Aerial view of Cork’s southern suburbs in 1945, showing Crawford Municipal Technical Institute in the fore left and the new developed houses at Greenmount in the centre (picture: Cork City Library).

Kieran’s Our City, Our Town Article, 

Cork Independent, 16 May 2013

Technical Memories (Part 54) – Pre World War II Memories

In an article in the Cork Examiner on 2 September 1939, the Compulsory Continuation Education Scheme, as written about in last week’s article, entered into the second year of its existence in Cork City. During late August 1939, the enrolment and registration of pupils continued apace. It was anticipated that 600 boys and an equal number of girls would avail of the scheme during the 1939-40 year. In the 1938-39 session only boys and girls between the ages of fourteen and fifteen were included but in 1939-40 the age limit was to increase from fourteen to sixteen years. It was estimated that the addition to age limit would mean an increase in the number of pupils, from 950 in the previous year to 1,200 for the ensuing years.

To meet the demands of the increased number, the Cork City Vocational Education Committee, which was charged with the operation of the scheme, felt it necessary, not alone to enlarge their existing schools but also to appoint additional teachers to the compulsory scheme’s teaching staff. Girls enrolled under the scheme attended schools at 2 Emmett Place and 18 Parnell Place while the boys were accommodated at the Grammar Schools at St Patrick’s Place. At St Patrick’s Place, the committee acquired further space and built two new classrooms and a workshop. While at the girls’ school at Parnell Place, alterations were also carried out and a new kitchen for domestic economy erected. For the 1937-38 years, the committee had a total of two woodworking shops and four kitchens at the different schools but owing to the increased number of pupils they would in time three woodworking shop and five kitchens.

Increases in the teaching staff were also necessary by the addition of one manual instructor and two domestic economy instructresses. The man in charge was J Whooley, headmaster, who worked with three whole-time wood-working teachers, four male part time teachers of general subjects, one lady teacher of general subjects, five domestic economy instructresses, and two assistant needle-work teachers. In addition, commenting the Cork Examiner on 2 September 1939 noted: “Without the co-operation of city employers and parents alike, the scheme could not have reached the degree of success that it has”.

On 5 September 1939, the Crawford Municipal Technical Institute advertised their advice to parents to send their boys and girls to the voluntary full-time courses already in existence in the Institute. By attending a course students could pursue their general education, and in addition boys could qualify themselves to enter into local occupations such as mechanical, motor and electrical engineering or the many branches of the building trades. Special day courses were also in operation for the training of young girls in power machine and machine knitting for prospective employment in factory work. Priding itself as catering solely for all branches of science and technology, the Institute noted that it had recently installed a new mechanical engineering machine shop. A second feature invested in was a new electrical installation work and an elaborate and well planned gymnasium for the physical training of students.

Entrance and scholarship examinations in 1939 were to be held on 6 September in the morning and also in the evening. At the examination for day classes, 20 scholarships were being offered for competition to the specialised day courses in electrical, motor and mechanical engineering or building trades. At the entrance and scholarship examination for evening classes, 90 free student-ships were offered for competition to the junior and specialised courses.

In terms of staff in the Crawford Municipal Technical Institute, some details are revealed in the surviving minute books of the City of Cork VEC committee from the 1930s onwards (held in the Cork City and County Archives in Blackpool). In neat writing, the minutes over the 1930s remark on changing staff, new courses, requests for increased payment and the routine maintenance of the building. There is an absence in the late 1930s and even in the 1940s of a record of the core staff of the Crawford Technical College.  However, a list of a large majority of the staff are listed in the minutes of the City of Cork Vocational Education Committee on 12 November 1931, who together were requesting the Minister for Education for increased salaries in line with the change in Vocational Education system. This practice seemed coherent with other staff across Ireland looking for increased wages for their work. For the purpose that there may be individuals out there that knew some of these members, I publish the names below. If anyone has info on them they can contact me on 0876553389; Augustine Weldon (Assistant Principal), Denis Madden (Head, chemistry department), George Maculwraith (Head, electrical engineering), David Daly (Head, mechanical engineering), John Higgins (lecturer, mechanical engineering), Cornelius O’Riordan (lecturer, motor engines), Nora Dwyer (senior clerk), Henry Nolan (workshop instructor), Thomas O’Sullivan (laboratory assistant and electrician), Kathleen O’Sullivan (laboratory assistant), Henry Dart (caretaker), William O’Neill (caretaker), Cornelius Murphy (caretaker), James French (assistant caretaker), U O’Donoghue (assistant caretaker), Patrick McDonnell (assistant caretaker), Letitia Manning (cleaner), Mary Looney (cleaner), Ellen Falvey (attendant), Catherine O’Regan (attendant) and Margaret O’Sullivan (cleaner).

To be continued…

Caption:

691a. Interior view of 18 Parnell Place, 2005, still today derelict and awaiting incorporation into a new hotel that was partially developed during the recent boom years but remains unfinished due to the economic downturn (picture: Kieran McCarthy)

Kieran’s Our City, Our Town Article,

Cork Independent, 9 May 2013

Technical Memories (Part 53) – A Princely Contribution

“There was a splendid gathering, who filled the spacious hall of the new School when at 3 o’clock yesterday afternoon, Mr Thomas Derrig, Minister for Education performed the opening ceremony of the new School of Commerce and Domestic Science at Morrison’s Island, Cork. Among them were many  ladies, clergymen, professional and business men of the city, together with representatives of Cork public bodies, educational, labour, and other organisations” (Journalist, Cork Examiner, 8 June 1938).

The official opening of the new Cork School of Commerce building on 7 June 1938 marked another stage in the development of vocational education in the city. On the day, having opened the main door with a gold key, Minister Thomas Derrig entered the new building, and then Fr J Canon assisted by Canon E Fitzgerald blessed the entire building. With the Minister and the Lord Mayor James Hickey, Canon Scannell entered the Assembly Hall, where the large audience had gathered and where the blessing ceremony concluded.

Once the chairman of the VEC committee Mr Ellis introduced the Minister, the choir sang the National Anthem. The Chairman said that it was a happy occasion for the citizens of Cork and for the progress of Vocational Education generally and that future generations should praise the memory of the benefactor of the site, William T Green for his “princely contribution in the noble cause of education”. Continuing Mr Ellis noted: “The citizens of the Cork of today and tomorrow are fortunate-far more fortunate- than we of the Cork of yesterday were, in that they now possess not only facilities for cultural studies but no less important facilities for fitting and training themselves to be leaders of industry and commerce”.

The Minister noted the importance of the occasion and highlighted that the site of any school should be carefully chosen, especially if it is being used for both day and evening classes. A school should be central and free as possible from the disturbances of traffic. He thanked Thomas Green for his generous gift of land: “The building is really a fine one and will remain as a standing monument of the genius of the architect and the efficiency and skill of the contractor and his craftsmen…it gives to the citizens of Cork a school worthy of the traditions to which it is heir and admirably adapted to the training of young people of the city in the various branches of commerce and domestic science”.

The Minister was particularly interested in the Assembly Hall in which the group were gathered. He commented that it would give excellent facilities for school meetings, lectures and dramatic performances and that it was also fitted for the display of educational firms. The Assembly Hall could also be used as a gymnasium for the students, and provision had been made for dressing rooms with hot and cold showers.

The Minister commented on the work by Seamus Murphy of the relief panels at each side of the main entrance to the school. They were symbolic of the two aspects of the Vocational Education, for which the school was intended. “I should like to see other committees imitate the example of Cork is this respect, and incorporate in their school buildings, some distinctive piece of artistic work. This might take the form of a mural decoration, illustrative of a period of local history, or an example of a craft for which the locality is noted. I believe that there is no more suitable place for fine paintings or sculptures than in a school building, where the merit of the artistry makes a ready appeal to the active imagination and creative instincts of the young”.

In a fine building the Minister believed that progress would be as rapid as it was under the old and less favourable conditions in the former building on the South Mall. He called for the authorities of the school to provide for special studies that were of importance to a great commercial centre- studies in economics, insurance, salesmanship, advertising, industrial design, and the display of goods: “Not only should the school train the rank and file of the commercial life of the city, but it should provide a programme of studies that will induce every student to advance to the fullest extent of his capacity. Without this specialisation, you cannot satisfy the student of ambition and ability, who is marked out for leadership and on whom enterprise and progress so largely depend”.

In concluding his address, the Minister paid a special tribute to the City of Cork Vocational Education Committee for its whole-hearted acceptance of his request to undertake an educational experiment in connection with raising the school leaving age. As from 1 September 1938, every young person in Cork, under the age of 16 was to be required to attend some form of school. The attendance of those in employment was to be restricted to five hours weekly: “The results of the experiment over the next few years will largely determine our policy on the general issue and be the subject of much interest in educational circles”.

To be continued…

Captions:

690a. Front entrance of Cork College of Commerce showing Seamus Murphy sculptures (picture: Kieran McCarthy)