Kieran’s Our City, Our Town Article,

Cork Independent, 7 November 2024

Making an Irish Free State City – Sunbeam & Wolsey Join Forces

The Cork Examiner on 3 March 1933 carried a paid and well-designed and impressive “catch the eye” advertisement stating “A New Home for a Mighty Irish Industry” for Sunbeam Knitwear Company in Blackpool. The machinery was the top of the range and comprised the latest models for interlock underwear hosiery. Such machines were manufactured by Messrs Wildt and Company at their Adelaide Works, Leicester and imported into Cork.

The furnishing of the several Sunbeam departments with benches, tables, presses, etc., was carried out by Messrs Eustace and Company, 9 St Patrick’s Street, Cork. The timber used in the offices of the managing director was supplied by Messrs E H Harte and Sons, Cork, who also supplied the Celotex, with which the factory was insulated. Messrs Murphy Bros., North Abbey Street, Cork, builders and contractors, were responsible for the joinery work, all of which was made and supplied by them. The plumbing and sanitary work was entrusted to Mr Joseph Horgan, plumber and sanitary engineer, of Ballintemple, Cork. All the electrical material for the lighting of the new factory, including all cables, conduit and special lighting units, were supplied by the General Electric Company Ltd, whose Cork address was “Magnet House”, 74 Grand Parade. The lighting installation of the factory was executed by Messrs Millard and Healy, electrical engineers, Paul Street, Cork.

As the year 1933 progressed, the aspirations for Sunbeam Knitwear Company remained high. In particular William Dwyer’s interest in learning from the knowledge of the UK knitwear market led him to not only bring machinery and staff into Cork from textile orientated cities such as Leicester, but also to team up with a prominent company in Leicester itself. On 1 August 1933, the Cork Examiner and Irish Press carried a paid advertisement and article declaring the Sunbeam Knitwear Company in Cork has amalgamated with the famous Wolsey Company of Leicester. In essence, the Cork company had acquired the Irish business end of Wolsey, which had its principal warehouse for the Irish market in Dublin. As a result of the acquisition the Cork company was subsequently renamed as Sunbeam Wolsey.

The Wolsey Company were widely known in the Irish and UK market. Established in 1755, the UK company had almost three centuries of experience. The firm’s headquarters was situated close to Leicester Abbey, the burial place of Cardinal Wolsey – hence the motif of his head on the Company’s logo.

The joint venture or deal so to speak went officially through in January 1934 and was administered on the Cork side by the Company’s Solicitor, Mr Barry M O’Meara, 18 South Mall. The deal was published in the Irish Press. It comprised the acquisition through a share holding mechanism of Wolsey Limited to Sunbeam Knitwear Limited  “of the goodwill of Wolsey Limited’s business in the Irish Free State and Wolsey’s Trade ‘Marks therein and its Leasehold premises and the allotment to Wolsey Limited, or its nominees of 17,054 Ordinary Shares of  £1 each in Sunbeam Knitwear. Limited”.

In essence, Wolsey Limited held 49 per cent of the shares of new Company of Sunbeam Wolsey or £17,054 in shares. In addition, the sale of the stock, fixtures furniture, etc at Wolsey’s Dublin Depot for £2,220 was to be paid in cash by Sunbeam Knitwear Company.

Wolsey Limited agreed not to manufacture or sell articles of clothing in the Irish Free State and Sunbeam Knitwear Limited agreed not to manufacture articles of clothing in the United Kingdom and to certain restrictions on sales in the United Kingdom.

The Agreement with Wolsey Limited provided for the supply, “on satisfactory terms”, of plant and machinery necessary for the development, of the business of Sunbeam Wolsey and the manufacture of its products in the Irish Free State. Wolsey Limited placed their knowledge and technical resources at the disposal of new company Sunbeam Wolsey.

The Irish Press of 1 August 1933 declared that the Wolsey Company excelled in its line of manufacture and that the new agreement heralded employment and cheaper prices for the consumer; “It is heartening to learn that the Sunbeam people have concluded an arrangement under which the products from the Cork factory will be largely increased, meaning that employment will be increased and that as a natural corollary there will be a more general diffusion of happiness in Cork and in the surrounding districts. The extension of the Cork Company means that the home purchaser, apart from securing. better finished articles, will get them at substantially lower prices…Making them [articles] within the Free State means that no customs duties will be payable, means that employment will be given at home and that an increased circulation of money will follow”.

The knowledge of the Directors on the Leicester side was impressive. Mr Ernest T Walker, who was chairman and managing director of Wolsey Limited, had been connected with the hosiery trade all his life, and was the grandson of the original founder of the firm of Messrs R Walker & Sons in 1834. His vast experience and intimate knowledge of every aspect of the hosiery trade have rendered his services of very great value as a representative of the industry on many councils and committees. Among his many activities Ernest was a Member of the Executive Council of the Federation of British Industries, a member of the Committee of the National Federation of Hosiery Manufacturers, a member of the Hosiery Joint Industrial Council and was an active member of the Leicester Chamber of Commerce.

Mr Alfred Salt was the Company Secretary of Wolsey Limited and joined the firm shortly after its formation as a public company. He was the lead person on the Leicester side in the negotiation with William Dwyer in Sunbeam Knitwear Company. Alfred received his training in the City of London with two of the largest and most eminent firms of chartered accountants and in 1926 was appointed a departmental director of the firm. In 1929 he was made a full Director with a seat on the Board. His appointment as Assistant Managing Director was made in January 1930. Alfred was a member of the Worshipful Company of Framework Knitters and also of the Executive Committee of the Management Research Groups.

To be continued…

Caption:

1278a. Sunbeam Knitwear Ltd, Cork, Cork, Ireland, 1933; Oblique aerial photograph taken facing South (source: Britain From Above, Reference number: XPW042277 Ireland).

Kieran’s Our City, Our Town Article,

Cork Independent, 31 October 2024

Making an Irish Free State City – Sunbeam & the Future of Fashion

In the days surrounding the formal opening of Sunbeam Knitwear Company in Blackpool on 5 March 1933, there was much press coverage. William Dwyer had launched an important scheme to produce silk and artificial silk hosiery, most of which up to that point was imported from abroad.

To be successful William Dwyer deployed all highly strategic elements including  future thinking investment, being proactive and responding to the changing fashion styles especially in female underwear in the early 1930s, harnessing the use of more modern machinery and manufacturing, making sure his staff were well-trained on the factory floor and undertook the head hunting of a strong sub management team. In particular William hired designers who watched and responded to the fashion changes in Paris and London, the rapid emerging cultural trends in elaborate stocking design and seeing what shapes and designs suited Irish figures and Irish complexions. All the above elements together made for a company well poised to react to economic, social and cultural trends of their time and almost challenging indirectly the culture of conservative Ireland.

The Cork Examiner on 3 March 1933 carried a paid and well-designed and impressive “catch the eye” advertisement stating “ A New Home for a Mighty Irish Industry”. Adjacent was a page and half story on the story todate of Sunbeam and William Dwyer’s journey, with clear input by the Company itself. The newspaper opened its story by describingthe new Company premises standing on the Blackpool side of the city, closely adjoining the main Cork-Dublin railway line. The premises comprised some eight acres of factory space, together with one of the finest chimney shafts and boiler house equipment in the Irish Free State. The article describes a fine industrial building; “The building is particularly well constructed; it was designed to withstand the rigours imposed by the flax industry and is admirably suited for hosiery production. It is suitable, too, for the ambitious programme of expansion and development of new industries planned by William Dwyer when he undertook his project at Blackpool”.

The Cork Examiner article continued to explore the geography or layout of the factory. At the top of the factory was a “battery of nearly fifty machines” engaged on the manufacture of seamless silk stockings. These machines turned out the cheaper grades of artificial silk hose in an infinite variety of shades and colours, “designed by one of the most expert dyeing departments in the hosiery trade”.

In another part the making of fully-fashioned silk hose was concentrated. This was an article that according to William Dwyer, although limited in production because of its price, demanded much more attention in manufacture. There was one giant machine, nearly forty feet in length, which automatically turned out 36 stocking feet at once. The newspaper described its mechanism; “The mechanism of this machine is marvellous. It was designed and produced in Germany. Similar machines are utilised by the most famous fully fashioned hose makers in Great Britain and the Continent”.

Lying beside the giant machine was a machine where the rest of the stocking was made. The Cork Examiner notes of the complicities of the machine: “ It looked, if anything, even more complicated, and as it silently revolves and its cases turn over and over it is easily realised what genius is in its design, and what intense experience and knowledge are required to maintain and to operate such an ingenious unit of production”.

At another part of the factory the Cork Examiner article related that there was a plant of machines for making ladies’ silk hosiery, which were to be sold at a lower price. These were America-made machines. They were the very latest type of machine on the market and were the “very finest gauge made”. They were 300-needle machines. These machines produced semi-fashioned silk hosiery at popular prices and were the only type of machines manufactured, which produced an elastic re-enforced welt. They also made a gusset toe, which added enormously to the comfort of the stocking. The variety of stockings that can be made on these machines is practically limitless, from ladies’ art silk stockings to the finest fishnet and clock stockings.

The Cork Examiner continued that then came the bulk production of socks and stockings;  “Hose and half hose as the trade knew them – coming into existence from mighty machines in millions, packed into neat bundles with intriguing little trademarks, waiting their time for despatch to every corner of the country”.

The Cork Examiner remarked of the use of reinforced welts on stockings; “there were flat look machines for attaching the ribs; a welt which makes perfectly flat seams without any welt whatever. There are also machines, which sew on buttons at the rate of six dozen a minute”.

Through the main factory there were banks of machines turning out woollen underwear that were deemed “essential to health and wellbeing”. In addition to woollen goods here was made underwear or a new kind of artificial silk.

Another part of the factory devoted itself to as the Cork Examiner described “curiously-patterned golf stockings, another to daintily-coloured kiddies’ stockings – lines that until a few short months previously were never made in the Irish Free State”. Even green stockings were made by Sunbeam—made for the Rugby and football teams.

A department specialised in the making of outer wear, which included fashion garments, costumes, all and every kind of jumpers, pullovers, scarves, etc. In anotherspecialised department, Sunbeam golf pullovers were made. The Cork Examiner wrote about their speciality; “No ordinary pullovers were these – for as the foreman shows them he proudly tells of their special waterproof quality, cups a portion of the garment into his hand and fills it with water just to prove that rain cannot get through”.

Down in the basement of the factory was the dye-house, where steam rose from the ground and coloured liquid flows along channels. The Cork Examiner noted: “Here the science of art and of chemistry ensures success to the rest of the manufacturing processes. Everything in a hosiery business depends on the quality of a dye – the vastly different shades, and how consistently and regularly those shades come out in the garments that are made”.

To be continued…

Caption:

1277a. Sunbeam Knitwear Ltd, Cork, Cork, Ireland, 1933; Oblique aerial photograph taken facing south (source: Britain From Above, Reference number: XPW042276 Ireland)

Kieran’s Our City, Our Town Article,

Cork Independent, 17 October 2024

Making an Irish Free State City – Arise the Sunbeam Knitwear Company

The opening of the Sunbeam Knitwear Company at the historic Butter Exchange Building in 1928 by William Dwyer (1887-1951) was the start of his enormous journey of industrial development in Cork. It also provided much needed employment opportunities for Cork in the fledging Irish Free State. William became one of the country’s foremost industrial figures.

On finishing at Presentation College, Cork and in Downside School in Somerset, William initially worked for Dwyer & Company on Cork’s Great George’s Street and gained a great grounding in business acumen. It was established by his grandfather and specialised in the manufacture of clothing for men and boys.

In 1928, William went out on his own and took out a lease of the historic Butter Exchange building and established Sunbeam Knitwear Company. It manufactured knitted underwear. Four of the core machines had been rescued or purchased by William from the ruins of Bandon Hosiery, which had been burned out by British Forces, some years previously in 1920. 

In late February 1929, the new Sunbeam Knitwear Company took part in the two week Cork Examiner Ideal Homes Exhibition, which covered a wide variety of modernity trends for the home including furniture and furnishings and also clothing styles.

A week later on 9 March 1929, a Cork Examiner journalist followed up with the Company on how they got on at the Exhibition. It was part of a reflection by the newspaper on the importance of the exhibition. The newspaper highlighted that a stall was taken by the Sunbeam Knitwear Company with “no very great expectations”. Owing to the stall’s limits only a small range of products could be shown, namely ladies’ fashioned outerwear. However, successful results of the display were immediate. The journalist related that although the factory plant output had been very much increased just before the Exhibition, the exhibition display resulted in a steadier flow of orders.

In a general way commenting on the first year of operation of the Sunbeam Knitwear Company, the Cork Examiner journalist commented that the “results quickly began to exceed all expectations”. The newspaper highlighted that the fledging company found itself working at full pressure to cope with the demands for its products. They considered that they were underselling the English market while maintaining a very high standard of quality in their manufacture. Referring to the modern plant, such as what William Dwyer had installed, the journalist detailed that  “one girl can supervise the work of six machines, each of which has a capacity of 36 to 40 dozen pairs per week”.

The Cork Examiner further related that the bulk of the yarn was bought in white wool. It was first of all dyed to the desired colour. In the case of garments the wool was knitted on circular machines, which could be set to do all kinds of fancy work at an rapid rate and with the pattern absolutely automatically following cut. There were five such machines and each one was capable of dealing with 100 lbs. weight of fabric per day. The article denotes; “This was made up into all sorts of men’s, women’s and children’s outer wear, including sports’ apparel, the wide range extending to 100 different garments and at prices ranging from for retail purchase, from about 4s 11d to 30s per garment”.

Hose and half-hose were manufactured in large quantities, from the heavy sort, for country requirements, to the very finest, in a variety of fancy patterns. In the sports outfitting department, the Company had created a big demand. Cork alone supplied orders for over 200 dozens of football jerseys in the previous season. Such products had been selling in all parts of the Irish Free State. Trade queries had also come from outside the Free State and the Company was hoping to soon create an export trade in several directions.

The Cork Examiner pointed out that the Sunbeam Knitwear Company prided itself on the fine quality of and on the extent of designs of finished garments. Such garments catered for all tastes. In the sphere of really high-class knitwear, the journalist argued that “it would be difficult to excel the splendidly finished manufactures, such as ladies’ fashioned three-piece suits and fashioned pullovers and cardigans”. 

The Cork Examiner article ends with positivity of hope for such industries as Sunbeam Knitwear Company; “Thus from a modest beginning has grown an industry which Cork people, most of all, should support in its present flourishing state so that its future may be as bright and prosperous as has been the short period of its establishment. When people beyond Cork can see the benefit to themselves of buying the products of such a factory surely those at home ought to reap the double benefit, which a prospering concern of this kind confers on them and on their city”.

An interview recorded by the Northside Folklore Project in 2002 highlights the story of one of the workers, Nancy Byrne, in the Shandon premises. Nancy recalled a staff of about fifty in one large room with an open basement and recalls the dyeing process and machine work; “An Englishman, Mr Howarth was the dyer. The raw wool that was brought coloured and dirty cream, how lovely it came out of the dye house in the various colours. On the main floor were many of the different machines, stocking for making wool sacks, flat for wool jumpers which would be put together by overlock workers or sewing machinists. Here also tables were provided for hand-finishers or menders. It was usual to find a small hole here and there in a garment due to the knot in the thread or breaking”.

Nancy also remembered her role as a machinist; “Here I sat in front of a long bench at an electric sewing machine with around three other girls. On the opposite were the overlockers and they worked machines also, finishing off the inside of woollen garments. My task being to stitch up the side of children’s tops. [Sic]. They were a fawn satin without sleeves and later we would attach them to the skirts. We worked from eight to six; the office workers’ hours were nine to six”.

In Guy’s Almanac and Directory of Cork for 1930, three directors are listed for the Sunbeam Knitwear Company – William Dwyer, David Arlson Smythe of Malone Park, Belfast and John O’Donovan, Grenville Place, Cork.

Fast forward to 14 March 1932 and the historic Butter Exchange building was damaged by fire. The Cork Examiner recalls that the Cork Fire Brigade received a call at 8.35am to Church Street. There was a furnace inside the factory with an iron flue running through a wooden and rubberoid roof, which became overheated and it set fire to the latter. A line of hose was laid and after about an hour the fire was got under control. A considerable portion of the roof was destroyed, but any damage done to the interior of the factory premises was recorded as being slight.

The event though sped up William Dwyer’s expansion plans as several weeks later, he revealed his larger plans to take over the late nineteenth century buildings of Cork Flax Spinning and Weaving Company in Millfield, Blackpool and to create a larger premises for the Sunbeam Knitwear Company.

To be continued…

Caption:

1275a. Portrait of William Dwyer, circa 1943 (source: Cork City Library).

Kieran’s Our City, Our Town Article,

Cork Independent, 10 October 2024

Making an Irish Free State City – New Uses for the Historic Butter Exchange

Welcome to the 25 year anniversary of this column beginning. Since October 1999, it has been a very interesting weekly pilgrimage of sorts to discover the story of Cork and its myriad of tangents. One story, which has popped up frequently is the story is that of the Cork Butter Market. This month, 100 years ago, in 1924, coincided with a rapid decline in the fortunes of the Market and in particular talk about the closure of the core building in the heart of Shandon began in earnest.

For centuries, Cork had occupied a leading position as a great centre and port of exportation for butter. The emergence of the Cork Butter Market in the nineteenth century achieved extensive success in establishing trading networks in British colonies. By 1892, the Cork Butter Exchange building was handling annually 500,000 casks of butter, valued at £1.5m. In the early twentieth century, Cork exports represented one third of the total butter export from Ireland.

The publication, Cork, Its Chamber and Commerce – a Cork Chamber of Commerce book from 1919, outlines that considerable improvements in the quality of the butter were made in the early 1900s to keep pace with foreign competition and with the establishment of numerous factories and creameries. Butter became manufactured on scientific principles. Enormous quantities of creamery, factory and farmers’ butter were made up in tins and oaken packages and these were exported to the four corners of the world.

  Margarine was invented by a French Chemist Meg Mouries, circa 1870 and first came into commercial processes in 1872, when it was manufactured exclusively in Holland. Hence it was originally known as Dutch butter. It was soon realised that the South of Ireland was eminently suited for its manufacture owing to the large supply of milk available.

The first margarine factory in the United Kingdom was established in Limerick and later transferred to Waterford. Later again, three margarine factories were set up in Cork. The increasing population and prosperity of Great Britain created a ready market.

The total export of margarine from Cork exceeded 7,000 tons a year and was rapidly increasing. In the second decade of the 1900s, the development of the margarine industry reacted unfavourably upon the butter trade. In addition, butter from France and Scandinavia began to severely challenge the Cork butter industry. In late 1924, due to profound competition that caused declining prices and profits, it was decided by the Market’s Trustees to sell off the historic Butter Exchange building in Shandon.

Strikingly and very much the end of an era and the start of another, new uses were called for the elaborate Butter Exchange building and its Weigh House. An advertisement in the Cork Examiner on Saturday, 27 December 1924 notes that W Marsh and Sons Auctioneers were instructed by the Trustees of the Butter Market to sell by auction at their salesrooms, 70 South Mall, Cork on Friday, 9 January 1925, at 1pm, the extensive City premises known as the Cork Butter Market. It was held in Fee Simple and purchased from the Landed Estates Court in February 1859. The premises for auction was described as “All That and Those of the Butter Weigh House of Cork, and the Portico and new extended front thereof, situate in Shandon Church Street, Mulgrave Street and Cody’s Street, in the City of Cork”.

The advertisement further relates that the “extensive premises” were most centrally situated within easy reach of Railways and Shipping Quays and comprised a “spacious warehouse with fine ground floor accommodation, measuring approximately 120 foot x 140 foot, substantially built and well lit from the roof, with the main portico entrance in Exchange Street and valuable frontage extending down Church Street, with several entrances therefrom”. There was also a Caretaker’s Residence attached to the Premises.

The property was being sold with clear possession and held free of rent. As the Cork Examiner highlighted, the premises offered “a rare opportunity to City Merchants, Manufacturers or Warehousemen seeking well situated extensive promises adaptable to any wholesale trade requiring spacious ground floor accommodation”.

On 9 January 1925, at the public auction no bid was received for the property. Mr John Ronan, Solicitor, represented the firm having carriage of sale. Messrs W Ronan, Solicitors, and Mr F L Blake,  was present on behalf of the Cork Butter Market Trustees. The Cork Examiner recorded that there were only about six members of the general public in attendance. Mr W Donoghue conducted the proceedings. He announced the conditions of and dealt with the suitability of the famed institution as a business property. He invited bids and no bids were made. The premises were withdrawn from sale by auction.

By 14 October 1925, the Cork Examiner reports that Messrs James Daly and Sons had bought the greater portion of the Butter Market premises. A part of the building was still in the possession of the Trustees, who used it for some trade in butter.

A 1942 obituary in the Cork Examiner reveals that James Daly (1856-1942) was born at Moycollop, County Waterford in 1856. James began his business life in his native district as a butter and egg merchant. At an early age founded and was managing director, of the firm of James Daly and Sons, Ltd, which had bases on Cork’s Shandon Street, Dominick Street and Mulgrave Road. James was one of Cork’s most enterprising and successful Corkonians. His association with the butter industry extended over half a century from the 1880s to the early 1930s. Under his own personal supervision James merited for his firm a world-wide reputation and employed many people. In addition to the butter industry, the firm were also proprietors of the Shandon Castle Margarine Factory, which was established until 1905 and erected on the site of the ancient Shandon Castle. He was one of the Trustees of the Cork Butter Exchange and in time he was the principal sponsor of Daly’s Bridge.

On 4 July 1923, the Cork Examiner reported on a serious outbreak of fire in the historic Butter Exchange building, which was brought under control by Cork Fire Brigade. Reference is given that the building had just been acquired and fitted out as a small knitwear factory by William Dwyer. He remained insitu until the early 1930s when the business moved and was expanded and moved to the former site of Cork Spinning & Weaving Company in Blackpool. Meanwhile T O’Gorman and Sons, Garters, Braces, Hats and Caps took over the historic Butter Exchange building and operated its business there until 1976.

Caption:

1274a. Cork Butter Market Exchange Building, c.1900 (picture: Cork City Library)

Kieran’s Our City, Our Town Article,

Cork Independent, 3 October 2024

Making an Irish Free State City – The Future of the School of Commerce

In the decade of the 1920s and against the backdrop of the emerging Irish Free State, the Cork Municipal School of Commerce was another institution, which pursued its programme for the future with dynamism. Since the School’s establishment in November 1908 in a former residential house on the South Mall, there had been steady improvements in aspects such as the intake of students, the average attendance, the School’s teaching programmes, the examination success of its students and also improvements in the post School opportunities of its students. In particular, in 1908 the School started with evening classes. In 1912-13 special afternoon courses were formed from 4 pm-7 pm. In 1923-24, morning courses were added.

Every year, the School of Commerce produced its year-end report and at the start of every School term in September, the report was read out at a public meeting and published in the Cork Examiner. In the 1920s not all of the annual reports were published but those that were offer a large insight into the workings and vision of the School. One such detailed report was published one hundred years ago in the Cork Examiner on 12 September 1924.

The seventeenth session of the Cork Municipal School of Commerce was formally opened on 11 September 1924. Richard Anthony, President of the Cork Workers’ Council, presided. He remarked that it was highly gratifying to find that 616 individual students had attended during the 1923-24 session compared with 526 for the previous one. In the public examinations there had been 544 successes as compared with 400 in the preceding session.

Mr Anthony pointed out there was a need for students to have a standard of primary education of senior grade, which would allow to fully benefit from the programmes of the School of Commerce. Arising from the standard of education issue, there were some students, who dropped out after a few weeks of commencing their course. The annual report detailed that in addition, the average percentage of actual to possible attendance was 66.

Mr Anthony also expressed that he hoped that Irish society would soon reach a stage in industrial and commercial prosperity when, instead of exporting their finished scholars and craftsmen, they would be able to “absorb into commerce and industry at home all the pupils trained in its School and in kindred institutions”.

The Principal of the School, D J Coakley, in submitting the annual report on the work of the School, said the complete return to peace following the Irish Civil War was reflected in the “increased entries and attendance and in the higher standard of work and general progress of the School”.

During the session, which extended from September to June inclusive, the teaching staff comprised the Principal, five full-time teachers and 17 part-time teachers.  There were morning, afternoon and evening classes in business subjects. During the session 1923-24 a complete morning first year specialised course was introduced and this comprised commercial arithmetic, book-keeping, commerce, geography, Irish, shorthand and typewriting.

A scheme of Irish classes for teachers was established in the session 1919-20. Arrangements were made between the School of Commerce and the Munster College of Irish, by which the School took charge of the classes for members of religious communities and the Munster College made provision for lay Secondary and National teachers. Since these, classes were established they had an average yearly attendance of 60 teachers.

During the 1924-25 session the Cork Corporation struck a special 1d rate for the teaching of Irish in the Municipal Schools. This enabled the School of Commerce Committee to form in this subject four morning classes, two afternoon classes and six evening classes. The Irish classes, including those for teachers, had a total enrolment of 480 individual students. All the students in the morning and afternoon divisions took Irish as part of their course.

In order to cultivate an atmosphere of sound, oral Irish and Gaelic culture in the Municipal Schools the Committee awarded to the more advanced students eight scholarships of £10 10s each, tenable for the month of August, in a selected Gaelic speaking district, where a special Summer School of Irish had been formed.

In addition, as a result of a competitive examination in arithmetic, drawing, English and Irish held at the opening of the session, seventy free places were awarded in the introductory courses and forty-five scholarships valued at 15s each in the specialised courses. Indeed, from across all of the School’s courses, the total number of scholarships awarded in 1923-24 was 234, as compared with 160, 179, and 197, respectively, in the previous sessions.

The School of Commerce could also boast a successful employment bureau programme. To enable students to pass quickly from the study to the practice of business, a list of students wishing to obtain appointments, with full particulars as to their education and attainments, was kept at the School. On application from the employer one or more students could at once be selected for interview, either at the employer’s place of business, or by special appointment at the School.

D J Coakley also spoke about the inadequacy of the School of Commerce building to meet the growing requirements of the School. The School was located in an old dwelling house on the South Mall and the spaces for classes were very limited for expansion. He expressed the hope that ways and means could be found in the near future to remedy this serious drawback. However, it was going to be another decade though before the foundation of the new School was placed in 1935 on Morrison’s Island.

Whereas, from 1926-1930, the work of the School through the lens of the annual reports remains strong, in the 1926 report it reveals the introduction of an another notable feature. In September 1926 at the formal opening of the School term, the Constructive Thrift Movement in Cork was inaugurated.  A special School Savings Committee was established and this comprised members of the School staff. Over 600 saving certificates were created during its first year.

Caption:

1273a. Cork Municipal School of Commerce as pictured in 1919 on Jameson Row, South Mall (source: Cork: Its Trade and Commerce available in Cork City Library).

Kieran’s Our City, Our Town Article,

Cork Independent, 26 September 2024

Making an Irish Free State City – Training for the Future

Life in 1920s Cork and the emergence of the Irish Free State coincided with the need for training and re-training for much of Cork’s working society especially in trades and professions. There was a quest to build more houses and so more labourers were needed. There was the advent of motor cars and hence more mechanics were needed. In addition, the textile industries such as in Douglas and Blackpool needed more trained labour.

At the heart of the training and re-training was the Crawford Technical Institute l. Since its foundation in 1912, its progress was very rapid as well as its success. By September 1924 the student population in some of the departments was under pressure to take in more students. It was envisaged that during the decade of the 1920s it would see another increase in the number of students.

The Cork Examiner showcased the Technical Institute in an editorial on 11 September 1924. It lists the Institute as is one of the best equipped of its kind; “It possesses up-to-date lecture rooms, drawing offices, laboratories and workshops. The welfare of the home is also catered for by modern kitchens for cookery and workrooms for dressmaking, needlework, millinery, shirt making, etc…The curriculum of the school embraces most of the various trades and professions and such training as is afforded by these classes is now generally admitted to be a necessity for all those who wish to become qualified for a career”.

The bulk of the classes, except those in domestic economy and university courses in engineering, were evening classes only. The general fee for any course of study was 10s except domestic economy, which was 7s 6d. A junior technical course was 5s with a few other exceptions. A new course in wireless telegraphy was planned to be established for those interested in what was an emerging popular science.

In 1924, the Crawford Municipal Technical Institute was now included in the official list of technical colleges issued by the Ministry of Industry and Commerce of the Free State Government, and also by the British Board of Trade, where attendance was recognised as affording remission of some period of workshop service.

The Cork Examiner also outlines that the success achieved by students of the Technical Institute, which they were proud of. At an examination in 1924 held under the City and Guilds of London one of the students Kathleen Carroll took first place in the United Kingdom in the Builders’ Quantities Examination and was awarded a bronze medal.

In addition, the Cork County Borough Technical Instruction Committee had established day courses in mechanical and electrical engineering in order to provide instruction of an “advanced character” not previously available in the South of Ireland.

On 21 September 1925 at the opening of the 1925-26 Institute season, a Cork Examiner editorial highlighted that it was hoped that parents would realise the importance of insisting on their children continuing their education in the evening schools after leaving their daily secondary school work; “It will strengthen the habits of industry and amenability there formed. If there is a break between day and evening schools these habits are weakened. Much of the knowledge already acquired will be forgotten, which will seriously handicap the boys and girls in any subsequent endeavour they may take. In addition, attendance at evening classes will give them a fuller knowledge of the principles underlying the practice of their trade or occupation, and a better trained brain to enable them to rise to positions of responsibility and trust”.

In September 1926, the Cork Examiner relates that for the 1926-27 Technical Institute season that in addition to the well-established classes a new course was being formed for employees in motor garages, other than apprentices. As motor cars began to become cheaper to purchase, the need for trained mechanics was needed.  The classes aimed to be distinct from those already in operation for motor apprentices. The Technical Institute wished to bring employees in touch with the construction and working of various types of contemporary cars. The course was also aimed at amateur motorists to learn about simple fault finding and adjustments common to a motor car owner.

A new course in machine knitting was also to be established, suitable for the training of young girls for the textile factories in operation in the city. A course for hotel cooks was to be launched. As new hotels opened in the country and tourism strategies emerged, there was a need to improve the catering in many of the hotels.

By 1930, the need to get teenagers, in particular, who left schools into employment was high on the Irish Free State Government’s priorities. A Vocational Education Bill was enacted in that year. The bill would affect changes to 69 technical schools across the country. Full day continuation courses were created.

The main purpose of the new scheme of continuation education was to provide vocational instruction for young persons between 14 and 16 years of age who had left the primary or secondary school. However, students over 16 years of age could be admitted to those classes if their educational standard was not high enough to qualify for entry to the specialised trade and other courses. The acquisition of skill in some form of handwork would form an essential feature of the training and any subjects would be delivered with employment in mind.

In Cork, from mid-September 1930 arrangements were made for the establishment of a day school in the Crawford Technical Institute. The day course would consist of general subjects for boys and girls and, in addition, science and trades subjects for boys and domestic subjects for the girls. Attendance would be necessary for 25 hours per week. An examination for entry to the day course would also be needed.

Caption:

1272a. Crawford Municipal Technical Institute, Cork, 1912 (source: Cork City Library)

Kieran’s Our City, Our Town Article,

Cork Independent, 19 September 2024

Making an Irish Free State City – The Lectures of Dr Annie Patterson

Reading the Cork Examiner from 1920 to 1930 and mapping the cultural changes in Cork City, there are some people who have been recognised in Cork history and many others whose memory has faded. Dr Annie Patterson is one such character, who appears regularly in the Cork Examiner from 1924 to 1934. Her championing of Irish music through her curation of public talks and courses is very notable in the write-ups of her work in the newspaper.

Annie’s obituary in 1934 in the Cork Examiner on 17 January describes how she forged a career in, as the newspaper describes, as one of the “most outstanding figures in contemporary Irish musical circles”.

Born in Lurgan, County Armagh in 1868, Annie was educated at Alexandra College. At an early age she showed a love for the Irish folk music. At the age of nineteen she graduated with a BA and Bachelor of Music. Two years later she became a Doctor of Music – the first woman between Britain and Ireland to achieve such as a distinction.

Annie was an organist at several Dublin churches between 1887-1897. She had huge interests in the Irish Cultural Revival especially in the realm of Irish music. She composed the music for ‘Go mairidh ár nGaedhilg slán’, an anthem for the Gaelic League. In 1892 Annie was appointed Examiner in Music at the Royal University of Ireland and was re-elected to this post in 1900, having previously been conductor of the Hampstead Harmonic Society in London.

In 1897 Annie was the prime mover in the organisation of a committee to curate the Feis Cheoil music festival, which is now one of the outstanding annual events in Irish musical circles. The Dr Annie Patterson Medal is still awarded in her honour at the festival.

Annie resigned her post in Dublin. She came to Cork, where she became Organist at St Anne’s Church, Shandon. In 1900 she was appointed Examiner in Music to the Irish Intermediate Board of Education. She also held a similar post of Examiner at the Cork School of Music during the years 1914-1919 and to the Leinster School of Music, 1919-23.

In early July 1924 Cork Corporation formally sponsored a lectureship in Irish music at University College Cork. Annie applied for the post and was successful. Her interest in educating the general public on Irish Traditional Music or Irish Folk Music was very evident from the outset of this job.

Annie’s first big educational project was aimed at schools across the country as she created a selection of Irish and Anglo-Irish songs, set to their traditional melodies and provided with a suitable pinaforte accompaniment.

By mid-October 1924 Annie commenced a public lecture series course of about thirty lectures on Saturday afternoons. A small fee of 5 shillings was charged for the entire course. These talks were spliced with musical illustrations, vocal and instrumental, and supplied by prominent local musicians. The topics that Annie covered ranged from Ancient Irish Harpers to Collections of Irish Music to the Development of Irish Music.

By the time the 30^th public lecture came around on 20 June 1925, Annie had made strong public calls on the need for the practical revival of Irish Traditional Music or Irish Folk Music and to connect it to the evolving Irish identity with the embryonic Irish Free State. Against the backdrop internationally of new sweeping jazz music from the US, Annie also noted the need for Irish Folk Music to connect across other instruments and not just focus on pianoforte – that it should have a larger reach across musicians and hence to the general public.

The Cork Examiner notes that the first season of Annie’s public lecture series as having small public numbers. So, Annie embarked upon a second series of 30 public lectures from October 1925-June 1926. By the close of the end lecture on 25 June 1926, the spacious examination hall at the University College was crowded to hear Annie give her closing lecture of the session.  It was entitled “Utilising National Musical Traditions”, which explored the distinguishing features between the bardic and country traditions.

Unrelenting in her passion for promoting Irish Traditional Music, Annie began her 30 week public lecture course again in October 1926 to June 1927. With larger crowds from the second season, Annie started her course again in mid-October 1927 and it ran to June 1928. In addition, during 1927-1928, Annie was given an opportunity to perform her Irish traditional arrangements on the new Cork radio station 6CK. It opened in late March 1927 and the Cork programme were relayed through the national Irish Free State 2RN. 2RN began broadcasting in Dublin on 1 January 1926 and was the first radio broadcasting station in the Irish Free State. A glance at the radio programme across Spring and Summer 1928 shows Annie was a regular contributor.

From the winter of 1928 to the winter of 1933, Annie continued her 25-week course and detailed public lecture series in Traditional Irish Music. In addition, she became a regular contributor to the Cork Examiner covering topics on opera to producing musical selections on radio.

For St Patrick’s Day 1933, a special Irish programme entitled Rambles in Erin, was broadcast from the New York Studios of the Columbia Broadcasting system It included Irish music, songs and a symphony orchestra played compositions by Annie.

In the first week of January 1934, the national R2N radio station noted her absence due to illness. She died from a cold on 16 January at her residence at 43 South Mall. Her remains were removed to Dublin by motor hearse. She was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery. Votes of sympathy were passed by Cork Corporation and Cork Harbour Commissioners and other bodies in the days that followed her death.

Annie’s obituary in the Cork Examiner on 17 January 1934 highlights that during the ten years of Annie’s lectureship at the University College, interest in Irish music showed first a gradual and then a rapid growth. The newspaper notes: “Annie was appreciated by the College authorities and her students alike as one deeply interested in her subject and possessed of a profound knowledge of its every phase. Her lectures never failed to draw a full gathering of students to the hall and she spent much time in making interesting listening about Irish musicians, their work and their characteristics”.

In addition, Annie’s many contributions to musical literature were widely read and appreciated. She continuously sought to tell the story of Irish music through a number of books, which included such titles as The Story of Oratorio, Schumann, The Native Music of Ireland, Our National Musical Heritage, Ceol na nGaedheal, The Profession of Music and How to Prepare It.

Kieran’s Upcoming September Tours (end of season), all free, 2 hours, no booking required:

• Saturday 21 September, Fitzgerald’s Park: The People’s Park, meet at the park band stand, 2pm.

• Sunday 22 September, Stories from Blackrock and Mahon, meet in adjacent carpark at base of Blackrock Castle, 2pm.

Caption:

1271a. Portrait of Dr Annie Patterson, late nineteenth century (source: Department of Music, UCC; many thanks to all who helped in the Department in providing the image).

Kieran’s Our City, Our Town Article,

Cork Independent, 12 September 2024

Making an Irish Free State City – The Tailteann Games

August 1924 coincided with the inauguration of the Tailteann Games in Dublin. It was the brainchild of Corkman J J Walsh TD, Minister for Posts and Telegraphs, who organised it with a strong committee. The Games were a nod to ancient funerary games in Ireland in Pre-historic Ireland, but were also pitched as a way to progress the narratives of the Irish Free State. The Games were a type of political healing mechanism event by bringing people together whilst also working on Ireland’s internationalisation programme and promoting culture, tourism, industries and pastimes.

Souvenir reports of the Games in the National Library, Dublin highlight that between 2 August and 17 August 1924, approximately 6,500 competitors took part across 20 different events. Some of the international athletes were fresh from the Paris Olympics of 1924. There were participants from across Ireland including some from Cork City and County. There was not much success for Cork sports people but the ethos of the games makes for very interesting reading in the study of the Irish Free State.

The Cork Examiner outlines that on Saturday 2 August 1924 historic scenes were witnessed when the Aonach Tailteann or Tailteann Games were opened. J J Walsh, TD, as Director of the Games, delivered the opening address in the presence of the Governor-General of the Irish Free State Tim Healy.

At night the Irish Governor-General and eminent visitors were entertained at a distinguished banquet. Noted representatives of all Continents being present from the United States of America, Brazil, Argentine, Canada, India, Persia (modern day Iran), Italy, France, Spain and Portugal, Belgium, Germany and Great Britain.

In the absence of President Cosgrave, Senator and poet William Butler Yeats presided at the banquet and in welcoming the guests said the nation was celebrating its coming of age; “In our long struggle for national independence our people have been scattered through the world, in the seventeenth century our nobility, and in the nineteenth our poor, and I see round me many representatives from those countries of the old world into which our nobility carried their swords, and many representatives of the new world into which after our great famine, and in the years of poverty, which followed our poor have carried their labour. It was natural and fitting that we should call you together, now that at last we are an independent nation, a victor at last in the struggle of centuries”.

On Sunday 4 August, the Games began in earnest. From early morning the staff at railway termini in Dublin witnessed tens of hundreds flocking into the city. There were many choices of venue to enjoy out-door sport. At Croke Park hurling and football matches were hosted. On the opening weekend, Ireland easily defeated England in hurling and in the football event Leinster defeated Connaught by 1 goal 1 point.

A week later, at the close of the international hurling contest the cup and medals were presented to the Irish team who had won the national football final. The presentation was made by Fenian and journalist Mr John Devoy. Mr J J Walsh in introducing John Devoy said Mr Devoy had come over especially from New York by ship to witness the revival of the ancient games of Ireland. J J Walsh outlined that he was proud of the fact that no less than five Irish provincial teams in international hurling and two in international football were fielded against teams from America and UK teams from Scotland and Wales.

National Golf Tournaments were run at Portmarnock and Dún Laoghaire. The handball competitions were carried on at Clondalkin and Ballymeen, while the chess and boxing were conducted at Trinity College and Portobello Barracks. Cork Corporation Councillor Seán Good is noted as taking part on the chess tournament.

There were feasts of music at the Metropolitan Hall, where competitors in traditional singing, harp, uileann pipes, fiddle and cinema band contests were taking place. During the ensuing days, programmes at the Hall also embraced from soprano solo, mezzo-soprano, tenor voices to bass solo competition to wind instrument combinations and choir singing. One of the major competitions in the singing class was confined to male and female singers who had won first prize distinction at the Feis Ceoil or any other town or regional musical competitions. They would be judged on the interpretation and selection of songs and their potential to have a career in singing and music. The great feature of the contest was that Mr John McCormack, the great tenor, was the adjudicator. 

In the second week of the Games, billiard competitions were held at the Catholic Club on O’Connell Street, yachting and motor boat racing was held in the beautiful harbour of Dún Laoghaire, motor cycle racing in the Phoenix Park, a 60 kilometre cycling race, athletic contests in Croke Park including javelin, decathlon and long jump, band contests at Ballsbridge, lawn tennis at Landsdowne Road, swimming (with some entrants from Australia), archery in Lord Iveagh’s gardens and diving at an outdoor lake at the Zoological Gardens.

Rowing was held at Islandbridge. Over several days, the rowing fixture drew large crowds of spectators anxious to see the famous Australian crews rowing in the contests. For the rowing event as well a big number of entries have been received. Competing national crews coming from Cork, Galway, Waterford, Limerick, Derry and Down. Cork’s representative club of Shandon Rowing Club were unfortunately not successful in their bid for first place in their class.

Tug o’ war and gymnastic contests at the RDS in Ballsbridge, 3,000 metre steeple chase at Ballsbridge, claybird shooting. In Dublin’s Theatre Royal aCharles VilliersStanford work called Shamus O’Brien was produced. It was a new comic opera set after the 1798 rebellion in the mountains of County Cork.

  Dancing competitions were held in hornpipe, reel and jigs at Dublin’s Mansion House. The Cork Examiner details that the latter dancing events attracted over 560 competitors from across Ireland (including Cork) and from further afield from Great Britain and USA.

On the last days of the Games on 17 August, the individual War Pipes Competitions opened at Ballsbridge. Amongst the competitors were the following – Tadgh Ó Craodhaligh of the Lee Pipers, Cork and Sean Ryan of 106 Gerald Griffin Street, Cork.

In the weeks that followed Minister J J Walsh deemed the games a success and aimed to host them again in 1928. They were hosted four years later and again in 1932.

Kieran’s Upcoming September Tours (end of season), all free, 2 hours, no booking required:

• Saturday 14 September, Cork South Docklands; meet at Kennedy Park, Victoria Road, 2pm.

• Saturday 21 September, Fitzgerald’s Park: The People’s Park, meet at the park band stand, 2pm.

• Sunday 22 September, Stories from Blackrock and Mahon, meet in adjacent carpark at base of Blackrock Castle, 2pm.

Caption:

1270a. Front cover of daily schedule of Tailteann Games, Dublin, August 1924 (source: National Library of Ireland, Dublin).