The theme of the shortage of food emanates throughout the press columns of Irish newspapers in 1917. In the second week of January 1917, or one hundred years ago this week, problems of labour shortage and supply and distribution of food were the key concerns of Westminster’s Food Controller. Lord Devonport or Hudson Ewbanke Kearley was a British grocer and politician. He founded the International Tea Company’s Stores, became the first chairman of the Port of London Authority, and served as Minister of Food Control during World War I. He was appointed as Minister in December 1916 by Lloyd George and he submitted a proposal for compulsory rationing in May 1917. He developed a set of proposals designed to reduce the consumption of certain articles of food such as bread and meat.
According to the editorials of the Cork Examiner in January 1917, the price of bread was high. There was a notable disparity between the price of bread in Cork and Dublin. The high costs of freight stood out. To provide a sustainable supply, regulation was enacted to create a new “standard” bread. The bread was rolled out in Cork in the first week of January and baked in the factories of the master bakers. It was proposed at the time that the scheme would continue during the war. The price charged for this bread was to be the same as that previously in operation for beet white bread. The price was to be 11d per pair when the bread was delivered, but would be a halfpenny less per pair when purchased at the counter, and another half penny per pair less in the case of “cold” bread. Under the new rule, no “household” bread was to be on sale.
Other debates on food shortages also began on encouraging citizens to grow vegetables such as potatoes, parsnips, turnips, beans and peas and to establish allotments in the city. The growing of vegetables was not a new concept in the city’s suburban market gardens but creating labourer allotments of one eight of an acre in Cork were a relatively new concept. In early 1917, between Dublin and Belfast there were 2,000 plots in working order. In the bigger picture in Britain and Ireland, the concept of allotments and the total number of plots has varied greatly over time. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the allotment system supplied much of the fresh vegetables eaten by the poor. Westminster reports record that in 1873 there were 244,268 plots and by 1918 there were around 1,500,000 plots. To fulfil the need for land, allotment legislation was enacted. The law was first fully ordered in the Small Holdings and Allotments Act 1908, then modified by the Allotments Act 1922. Under the Acts, a local authority is required to maintain an “adequate provision” of land, usually a large allotment field which can then be subdivided into allotment gardens for individual residents at a low rent. In August 1917, the Local Government Allotments and Land Cultivation (Ireland) Act was sanctioned.
Several months before the 1917 act, the lack of real legislation governing the legalities around Ireland’s allotment scheme is evident in Cork Corporation’s initial discussion in pursuing an actual scheme. As highlighted in the Cork Examiner on 15 February, an important meeting of the city’s allotments committee was held. The Lord Mayor Cllr Thomas Butterfield presided and he gave an account of the visit of a deputation to Dublin to the Local Government Board (LGB). There they asked questions which they considered would help them in rolling out Cork City’s allotment scheme. They asked for compulsory powers to acquire land and for an independent valuer from the LGB. Compulsory powers were not granted – the same applied to other public representatives from Irish towns seeking new legal powers. The second question they asked was to be allowed to increase the grant from one-eighth to a quarter of an acre, and the Corporation to take title land for a term of years. The Cork committee made the case that a family could work an acre. This also was not granted.
At the meeting on 15 February 1917, the allotment committee proposed that Fitzgerald’s Park display an eighth of an acre demonstration plot. Councillor Sir Edward Fitzgerald was to arrange to have his gardeners look alter the plot in the park. By late February the O’Donovans of Rutland Street offered four acres on Ballinlough Road at £4 an acre purchase price. Mr Joyce gave an offer of six acres in of Mayfield at £4 an acre purchase price. Fifty acres were offered at Beaumont, the estate of Mr R Woodhead free of rent. Part of these were only subsequently utilised and control was given to the Rural District Council in this part of the city’s county suburbs.
In early March 1917 Thomas Donovan wrote to the Corporation offering 6 acres of land at Gillabbey free of charge for nine months and Frank Murphy in Shanakiel gave 2 acres free of charge. By 23 March, the committee had 229 applications with 99 in the south of the city, 52 in the north-east, 56 in the north-west, 16 in the west, and 5 in the city Centre. The key problem was that only 19 acres of land was actually secured by the Corporation and applications could not be met. The struggle to secure land continued into 1918 and 1919.
If you missed one of the columns in 2016 and before, check out the Our City, Our Town index at my website, www.corkheritage.ie
Cork 1916, A Year Examined (2016) by Kieran McCarthy & Suzanne Kirwan is now available in Cork bookshops.
Cork City History Tour (2016) by Kieran McCarthy is also available in Cork bookshops.
Captions:
877a. Fr Mathew Memorial Fountain at Fitzgerald’s Park, c.1917 (source: Cork City Through Time by Kieran McCarthy and Dan Breen)
877b. Present day pond area of Fitzgerald’s Park (picture: Kieran McCarthy)
Cllr Kieran McCarthy has welcomed the recent positive response to his question of the Director of Environment and Amenity of Cork City Council i.e. that there is now a timeline to have Marina Park, the public park to circulate the new Pairc Uí Chaoimh, in place and open by the end of 2018. The demolition of the existing Showgrounds buildings is currently out to tender with responses due back on 25 January 2017. A contract will then be awarded following the completion of the tender assessment process.
Consultation with the Cork County Board design team is ongoing to ensure that the final stadium design will be seamlessly into the proposed Marina Park. The detailed design of the Marina Park will be progressed over the coming months with the tender for the construction of same issuing once the detailed design works are completed.
Commenting Cllr McCarthy noted; “these are exciting times for the Blackrock and Marina area as public amenities are cleaned up, enhanced and developed. By the end of 2018, this part of the city will have impressive public realm spaces in the shape of Blackrock Pier, Marina Park and the new stadium. It’s important now that the Council projects are kept on track and funding put aside to progress them to successful conclusions”.
The 1 January 1917 began with historical echoes of the previous year. The year 1916 coincided with many great stories of a changing society in Cork from the adjustment of the clocks to Greenwich Mean Time to differing attitudes towards the Easter Rising versus those on the front lines in trenches in France to the celebration of Irish culture through the architecture of the new Honan Chapel. As the year progressed, so many different aspects of Irish culture and society came under bombardment or were progressed as outlined in the various Our City, Our Town columns last year.
I hope for the next few weeks to write about some key themes of physical, social and political developments in the city and region in 1917. A study of the daily news stories that made the headlines in local newspapers such as the Cork Examiner at first glance showcase a less eventful year than 1916. Controlled by the British government, censorship was ever present in the newspaper. However, taking many of the overarching news themes over a year, one can see key changes within society to how to best approach society issues such as war, industrialisation, the political quest for Home Rule, the role of the church, the role of violence in campaigns for a United Ireland, the impact of the re-emergence from prison of key Easter 1916 Rising key participants in late Spring 1917 such as Éamon DeValera and Countess Markievicz. The Countess herself brought a renewed call to rebellion in public meetings on the streets of Cork and Clonakilty in mid-August 1917.
The news of the first week of 1917 set the undertone for what was to come. War was ever present and by the late spring of 1917, one can feel the closeness of the front of war to Cork as more and more references are given to German submarines waiting in Irish waters to attack mercantile vessels. There are also continued references to Irish soldiers in various battalions awaiting action on the frontlines. The Reserve Camp of the 3rd Battalion Royal Munster Fusiliers in Aghada was focused upon on the 1 January 1917 in the Cork Examiner as a space of peace and quiet over the Christmas period. The Royal Munster Fusiliers raised a total of 11 battalions from the pre-war, two regular and two reserve battalions. The 3rd (Reserve) Battalion was mobilised at Tralee on 4 August 1914 and later that month deployed to Berehaven and Bantry Bay for training. In October 1914, it was moved to Cork. In May 1915, it was relocated to Aghada and Cork Harbour. Here the camp was tented and hutted in nature because nearby Fort Carlisle was full. The camp was in a field opposite the Presbyterian (former Church of Ireland) Church. The reality of the hutted camp was that it was in a poor state of repair, the training grounds confined to a few fields with no elaborate training trench system and the musketry course was thirty miles away in Youghal.
On Christmas Day 1916, Christmas Services were held in the Catholic Church and Presbyterian Church for the Battalion. The Christmas dinners in the various companies commenced at 1 o’clock, the huts where the dinners were served were decorated. The Commanding Officer, Buttevant man, Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Sherlock Brasier Creagh, visited the various companies, where he was joined by the company officers. He read the King’s message to the troops, and expressed the hope that “the men were thoroughly provided for, and that they would enjoy themselves to the fullest extent”. In addition to refreshments, tobacco, cigars and cigarettes were distributed among the men. In the evening a dance look place in the local Y.M.C.A. Hall. In October 1917, the Battalion was re-located to Ballincollig and in November 1917, the battalion was moved to England at Devonport.
A key term shining through various historical sources for the City and region in 1917 is that of Americanisation. The year 1917 was to coincide with re-election of President Woodrow Wilson and the subsequent call by the American House of Representatives and Senate to declare war on Germany. Through entering the war in April 1917 there arrived to Cork Harbour fleets of gun ships to attack the increasing attacks of German submarines, and a proliferation of American soldiers into the towns of the Harbour area and Cork City. At the end of January 1917, Germany, determined to win its war of attrition against the Allies, announced the resumption of unrestricted warfare.
Another key piece of Americanisation was the negotiations to bring a Ford tractor factory to the site of Cork’s City Park Racecourse and Deep Water Quay at the Marina. By January 1917, negotiations between representatives of the promoters and the heads and legal representatives of the local public bodies concerned, had been brought to a successful conclusion. It was announced in the press on 1 January that all preliminary details had been arranged, and that, subject to the necessary Parliamentary sanction being obtained i.e. the Cork Improvement Bill – everything would be in order and the scheme could proceed. These Parliamentary powers were to be sought for immediately but it would take until mid-July 1917 before the bill got final royal ascent after passing through Westminster and the House of Lords.
If you missed one of the columns in 2016, check out the Our City, Our Town index at my website, www.corkheritage.ie
Cork 1916, A Year Examined (2016) by Kieran McCarthy & Suzanne Kirwan is now available in Cork bookshops.
Cork City History Tour (2016) by Kieran McCarthy is also available in Cork bookshops.
Captions:
876a. Postcard of Cork Harbour, c.1910 (source: Cork Harbour Through Time by Kieran McCarthy & Dan Breen)
876b. Aghada, c.1910 (source: Cork Harbour Through Time by Kieran McCarthy & Dan Breen)
Cork Independent, 22 December 2016 Remembering 1916: Christmas Preparations
Today one hundred years ago, citizens went about their annual Christmas shopping amidst a sharp frost and a bitter wind. The Cork Examiner reports of the week reveal multiple tales of a city struggling with legacies of war and loss. Animated scenes were recorded at a Christmas party at Victoria Barracks on a Wednesday evening, when through the kindness of Lieutenant-Colonel A Canning, CMG, commanding the 3rd Leinsters, and Mrs Canning, an entertainment was given to the wives and children of the men of the several battalions of the regiment who were resident in Cork and vicinity. It was an anecdote to the horrors of news across other parts of the media’s press coverage. On 18 December 1916, the Battle of Verdun ended in France with German troops defeated. The Battle of Verdun lasted for 303 days and became the longest and one of the costliest battles in human history with nearly a million casualities.
The 3rd Leinsters Battalion was one of eight Irish regiments raised largely in Ireland with its home depot in Birr. The function in Cork barracks commenced at 3.30pm when tea was served in the YMCA Hut to about 600 women and children. Afterwards all proceeded to the gymnasium, which was elaborately decorated with flags and bunting. Here an enormous Christmas tree-laiden with toys in waiting, Captain HRH Ireland MC in ruddy robes and snowy hair and whiskers, acted as Santa Claus, and the toys were given away by Mrs Reed. There were almost 500 children present, and each child got a present.
Archives of the Leinster Regiment Ireland record that three battalions of the Leinster Regiment were active during the Easter Rising in 1916, it was only the 5th that was directly involved in the fighting. The 3rd and 4th battalions were mobilised but performed only guard duty at Bridges on the Shannon. The legacy of 1916 also pervaded the press in December 1916 with news from the Frongoch Internment Camp in Wales. Owing to their refusing to answer roll-call and assist in the identification of those liable to military service, prisoners at the South Camp were heavily penalised – one of the punishments being the deprivation of medical treatment when necessary.
In our recent weeks, the Digital Repository of Ireland has launched a series of new digital exhibitions to post online in the next couple of months to commemorate the internment of Irish prisoners at the Frongoch internment camp. Frongoch and 1916: Recreating a Lost Landscape will contain several thematically arranged exhibitions, augmented by unseen memorabilia from private collections digitised at public memorabilia collection days. The project blurb details that Frongoch provides a fascinating window into 1916, because the Irish prisoners, their Welsh guards and local townspeople created a kinship during this short imprisonment, leading to a fount of stories and an array of artefacts that mark the brief period of the camp’s existence. Following the 1916 Easter Rising, the camp was emptied of the German prisoners being held there from World War I battlefields, and was populated with c. 1,800 Irish prisoners, including Michael Collins. The camp was emptied in December 1916, but not before becoming known as ‘ollscoil na réabhlóide’, the “University of Revolution” for the discussions and classes that had been built by the community. In terms of the emptying of Froncoch Camp a small story appearing in the Cork Examiner on 26 December 1916 comments that on the previous Saturday and Sunday men from the County of Cork arrested after the troubles of Easter Week and confined in internment camps in England, arrived in Cork. They were met by relatives and friends at the Glanmire Railway terminus, and proceeded to their respective homes.
Where both soldier and revolutionary met was probably at the Cork Opera House. A century ago it was an old-established custom at the Cork Opera House to open the after-Christmas season with a George Edwarde’s musical comedy. The success of 1916 was “The Happy Day”, which ran for several months in London, and had been presented in British cities with equal success. It was welcomed to Cork in the afternoon of 27 December by an audience, which left very few seats vacant in the Opera House. The play, which was in two acts, was the work of Mr Seymour Hicks; the music was by Sydney Jones and Paul A Rubens, and the latter with Adrian Ross, contributed to the lyrics. As to the plot – Prince Charles of Galania, who might be a knight errant in the old days of chivalry, is to marry Princess Mary of Valaria, whom he has never seen. He meets the Princess, but thinks she is somebody else, and they arrange to meet again at a sort of Bohemian ball that forms part of the municipal celebrations. And perhaps the theme of multiple identities is where Cork and the country ended up on the last day of December 1916 – being at a crossroads of multiple narratives, all active in shaping Ireland’s southern capital – where themes of a world war, revolution, poverty, industrial opportunism through the hopeful Fords project all merge to create an Atlantic port city full of stories about life and humanity.
Happy Christmas and Happy New Year to all readers of the column – if you missed one of the columns this year, check out the Our City, Our Town index at my website, www.corkheritage.ie
Cork 1916, A Year Examined (2016) by Kieran McCarthy & Suzanne Kirwan is now available in Cork bookshops.
Cork City History Tour (2016) by Kieran McCarthy is also available in Cork bookshops.
Captions:
875a. Crawford Art Gallery & Cork Opera House, c.1916 (source: Cork City Through Time by Kieran McCarthy & Dan Breen)
875b. Present day Emmett Place (picture: Kieran McCarthy)
A new plan has been launched, which sets out a blueprint for the future economic and community development of Cork City.
The 6 year plan is based on fifteen High Level Goals, which relate to issues such as housing, children and young people, older people, a safe and green city, economic diversity, social inclusion, education and learning, quality of place and others – all of which play a critical role in ensuring a good quality of life for those living and working in Cork City.
The plan is based on an extensive consultation process which commenced in 2015, involving a wide range of community & voluntary organisations, public agencies, business, social partners and other stakeholders that are active in the city. It therefore reflects the issues and priorities which have been identified locally. The LECP is a multiagency plan and will require multi agency cooperation and joint working to ensure the delivery and successful implementation of the various actions.
The Cork City LECP has been developed through two structures – the Local Community Development Committee and the Strategic Planning, Economic Development and Enterprise Strategic Policy Committee (SPC).
For further information please contact:
Pat Ledwidge, Director of Service, Strategic Planning and Economic Development, Cork City Council tel 4924034; email: pat_ledwidge@corkcity.ie
Or
Paul Moynihan, Director of Service, Corporate Affairs, Cork City Council tel 4924270 ; email: paul_moynihan@corkcity.ie
Announcement has been made by Cork City Council of a grant by the National Transport Authority of e.800.000 to fulfil the second phase of redevelopment at Blackrock Village pier. This entails the creation of a stepped down plaza area into the river. Independent Cllr Kieran McCarthy noted; “this is great news for Blackrock residents and those who walk and enjoy the Marina and Blackrock area. The pier area will now be the focus of envy of other small coastal villages in Ireland. The scheme will complement the existing pier area and put the focus back even more on the important relationship between the pier and the river. It also comprises very good urban design and will create a vibrant public realm space for people to enjoy this corner of historic Cork”. Work will shortly conclude on phase one i.e. the widening of roads in the area and phase 2, the plaza area is said to begin in the early months of next year.
There are some great historical narratives within Cork’s news for 1916. A number address Cork’s links to the region through its railway line infrastructure. In newspapers and archives one can read about the benefits of such lines as the Cork Bandon and South Coast Railway, the Cork Muskerry Tram and the Cork Blackrock and Passage Railway Line connecting people, animals, fisheries and place from the coast and hinterland to the city and vice-verse – igniting the region and city into one.
The Cork South Coast and Western Railway Company across one year between 1915 and 1916, as reported at their company AGM in mid February 1916, stressed the importance of their transport link. They highlighted that the total number of passengers the company carried was 503,531. This was an increase of 31,000 and in money £2,037 over the previous year. In parcels and miscellaneous traffic there was an increase of 18, 885 tons, representing £1,588 in money. Of this increase 4,134 tons was in coal and coke owing to a greater quality having been sent over the railway from Cork instead of being shipped direct to the western ports by coasting vessels.
Lime, brick, stone and slate all showed decreases. Building operations had been to a great extent suspended owing to the war. The quantity of stone required for the streets of Cork was also reduced. In barytes traffic there was an increase of 2,639 tons. Enhanced prices and the total cessation of the usual continental supply to the markets led to an increased output from the mines at Clonakilty and Bantry. Imported grain showed an increase of nearly 19,000 tons. The traffic of grain had almost doubled in the previous 12 months, and like coal, was capable of great development if additional sidings were constructed on Anderson’s Quay and on a new timber wharf at Victoria Quay.
The railway company carried 2,650 more cattle whilst in pigs there was an increase of 4,676. The fish traffic from Skibbereen, Kinsale and Bantry was at normal levels, while from Baltimore there was transported 1,645 tons of fresh mackerel and herring, showing an increase of 850 tons, over the previous year’s consignment from that port, and making a record year. The completion of the new pier there being constructed by the Congested Districts Board and by Cork County Council, made Baltimore a very important fishing station. From 1879, Baltimore had developed as a centre of an expanding mackerel fleet. Eleven steamers brought the spring mackerel to England on an almost daily basis. In 1887, the Baltimore Fishing School for the training of 150 boys in a fishing occupation was founded. In 1880, a new pier was built and in 1893, a new spur rail track from Skibbereen to Baltimore was opened to transport the fish to other markets in the city and county.
At the annual company meeting of Cork Blackrock and Passage Railway in late February 1916 serious difficulties were presented – namely the closing of Crosshaven by the military authorities on the outbreak of the war, the increased cost of coal, labour and stores, and the erection of a new pier at Queenstown. The gross revenue showed an increase of £1,419, but had they been permitted by the military authorities to carry on the usual summer and excursion traffic to Crosshaven, they would have had large additional receipts.
Crosshaven Station closed shortly after the commencement of the war. This effected trade within the village. In addition small boats with oars were used by the men of Fountainstown, Myrtleville and Fennel’s Bay. The fishing grounds were located around the harbour mouth. Those without boats waited for the mackerel to come inshore and caught them by the hundred with large pocket nets. A barrel of salted mackerel could be seen in every fisherman’s cottage in preparation for winter each year. Without the train fast transport to Cork’s markets limited trade. Tourism was also affected. Crosshaven in 1916 was a growing tourism town; it had five hotels, twelve shopkeepers, and four vintners.
The military authorities prohibited civilians from approaching the coast line between Ringabella Creek and Crosshaven village, either by day or night. All the summer residents were ordered away, but as a matter of equity they were refunded a portion of the cost of their season tickets. No persons were allowed to enter the district without military permits. All excursion traffic by train and boat was prohibited, with the result that the Crosshaven traffic was practically decimated. This state of affairs continued up to 27 June 1915, when a slight modification of the regulations was made, exempting visitors from the necessity of permits, but no excursion traffic was permitted, and as a consequence hardly anyone visited Crosshaven.
From the first day of the war the railway company had done everything in their power to assist the naval and military authorities. There was a great demand by both services, for the transport of stores to various camps within the Harbour and to Haulbowline. Finding it impossible to satisfy their requirements with the existing goods steamers, the directors purchased an additional vessel, the “Taffy” at great expense, and though able to carry all the naval and military stores offering, they were doing so without profit.
Cork 1916, A Year Examined (2016) by Kieran McCarthy & Suzanne Kirwan is now available in Cork bookshops.
Cork City History Tour (2016) by Kieran McCarthy is also available in Cork bookshops.
Captions:
874a. Baltimore fish market, c.1916 (source: West Cork Through Time by Kieran McCarthy & Dan Breen)
874b. Crosshaven, Cork Harbour, c.1916 (source: Cork Harbour Through Time by Kieran McCarthy & Dan Breen)
To ask the CE the mechanisms in place to combat homelessness this winter in the city?
How many homelessness cases on the streets in the first weekend (4th/5th) of December 2016?
Are their beds available for all homelessness at this point in time in the city (early December 2016)?
How many emergency accommodation units? (Cllr. Kieran McCarthy)
REPLY
It is worth noting that every year, the Council works with the Homeless Person Unit, as well as with all homeless service providers locally, to secure a Cold Weather Strategy for the winter period. This is in place already for the current year. We have block-booked 20 beds in the City to ensure that no person needs to sleep out this winter, and we do this every year. This will free up beds in emergency shelters to accommodate rough sleepers with the highest support needs. Additional support staff costs within Cork Simon and St. Vincent de Paul will be funded in order to provide the higher levels of support required.
In December 2015 there were 28 families with 67 children in Edel House and Emergency B&B accommodation, currently there are 29 families with 78 children in Edel House and B&B accommodation. The Good Shepherds Cork, who manage Edel House, the emergency shelter for women and children have a dedicated Outreach Worker to meet with all the families and provide visiting support for the families in private emergency accommodation, B&B/hotels.
This will facilitate referrals to the Homeless Action Team, Tusla and other identified family Supports and assist the families and single women in compiling any information that they require for housing or rent allowance applications.
St. Vincent de Paul will continue to key work clients who move from the shelter to B&Bs.
Severe Weather Imitative
As agreed by the Cork Homeless Forum, during cold spells, stormy nights, periods of heavy rain and forecasted flooding in the winter season, Cork Homeless Services working with the Army implement a Severe Weather Initiative. This involves provision of short term Emergency Shelter during periods of severe weather between January and March.
In these circumstances, assuming that no mainstream Emergency Beds or B&B places are available Cork Simon Community outreach team will offer Rough Sleepers access to Emergency Accommodation provided in partnership with the Army and Cork City Council for the period of the weather emergency.
Availability of emergency accommodation does not ensure use, however. With a figure of 6 to 8 on average of rough sleepers, out of a total population in the city of 125,000, and in the county of 500,000 (as homeless people tend to gravitate to the City where the services are based) the situation is definitely capable of resolution. While no level of homelessness is acceptable, we are fortunate as a city to be in a position to resolve this, and are determined to do so.
Accommodation Types
A breakdown of the types of accommodation available for Homeless persons in Cork City is set out below. These units are provided through various Voluntary Associations and funded by the Department of Environment, Community and Local Government and Cork City Council.
Emergency Accommodation 163 Units
B&B Emergency 20 Units
Transitional Accommodation 132 Units
Long Term Supported 153 Units
TOTAL
468 Units
On Thursday 1st December there were four people Rough Sleeping Bedded Down and six people Rough Sleeping NOT Bedded Down
On Friday 2nd December there were three people Rough Sleeping Bedded Down and six people Rough Sleeping NOT Bedded Down.
On Monday 5th December there were four people Rough Sleeping Bedded Down and three people Rough Sleeping NOT Bedded Down.
On Tuesday 6th December there were five people Rough Sleeping Bedded Down and six people Rough Sleeping NOT Bedded Down
The “bedded down” category captures all those who have been confirmed (observed by an outreach worker sleeping on the street in the night in question) as rough sleeping.
The “not bedded down” category captures all who presented to the Cork Simon rough sleeper service in the day
centre. These individuals self reported as sleeping rough but this has not been observed by the outreach
services.
V. O’Sullivan,
Director of Services,
Housing & Community Services.
